Genetics is a young science; It is the study
of inheritance.
Classical Genetics in the form of understanding
Mendel’s factors act as major starting point for the understanding of
genetics.
It wasn't until the early1900's that his studies
could be understood.
The year1900 marked the beginning of modern
genetics.
In less than a century, from virtually no knowledge
about the science, we have arrived at the point where we have the ability
to manipulate DNA – the substance of inheritance – even to alter
life forms.
One key to such great success is that
mistakes and successes both contribute to progress.
GENETICS IMPACT TODAY
CNN, NBC, Time Magazine and others report
almost daily on genetically related news; like if O.J.’s blood was at
the scene of the crime, the genetic basis for heart disease, methods for treatment
of aids, cloning of mammals, and the "flavr savr" tomato, which
was modified to delay rotting.
MEDICINES AND GENETICS
Sir Archibald Garrod in 1902 was first
to determine genetic basis of a disease: alkaptonuria. This is a disease where
homogentisic acid, an intermediate to the breakdown of phenylalanine, fails
to get broken down.
Accumulation of homogentisic acid is due
to a defective or absent enzyme that normally converts this intermediate.
The homogentisic acid oxidizes if not broken
down and turns black.
Black urine is an indicator of the disease.
Inheritance of this disease followed Mendelian
inheritance patterns.
Therefore, Garrod was the first person
to associate a gene with an enzyme (protein).
He did not conclude this quickly, but after
long deliberation and consolation with other scientist.
Many other diseases have been found to
be caused to be influenced by genes.
Knowledge can be the starting point for
formulating a strategy for treatment.
Knowledge creates controversy as well.
Assays for disease propensity could make
it difficult for some (actually many) to get full medical insurance coverage.
GENETICS AND AGRICULTURE
From Mendel’s principles to the application of the most
modern molecular technologies, genetics has impacted all of agriculture.
New hybrid corn plants, genetically selected
dairy herds, and tomatoes that stay fresh longer are the fruits of the knowledge
of genetics.
Most progress in genetics has been made in
last 100 years, although plant and animal selection has been practiced for
thousands of years. (See
Figure 1.4)
GENETICS AND SOCIETY
Recently, cloning of adult mammals has been
achieved.
Assays for all sorts of genetic diseases have
been developed.
Mapping and patenting regions of human chromosomes
has progressed.
Many controversies center on genetic topics.
Be sure to read about Lysenko. (However,
catching up in plant agriculture is as easy as placing an order from Burpee!)
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